s 

43 
CONNECTICUT  *vo.|<W 

AGRICULTURAL  EXPERIMENT  STATION 

NEW  HAVEN,  CONN, 


BULLETIN  164,  OCTOBER,  1909. 


Garden  and  Field  Seeds  Sold  in  Connecticut 
in  1908-1909. 

By  E.   H.   Jenkins  and  Mary  H.   Jagger. 


The  Bulletins  of  this  Station  are  mailed  free  to  citizens  of  Con- 
necticut who  apply  for  them,  and  to  others  as  far  as  the  editions 
permit. 


CONNECTICUT  AGRICULTURAL  EXPERIMENT  STATION. 

OFFIOBR8    -A-ISTID    STAFF. 


BOARD  OF  CONTROL. 

Mis  Excellency,  Frank   B,  Weeks,  Ex  officio,  President. 

I  'km'.   1 1.  W.  Conn,  Vice  President Middlctown. 

I  'i<( if.  VV.    II.    I >kkvv i*:u,  Secretary New  II aven. 

(  rEORGE    II.    I  [OPSOM Wallillgfoi  d. 

Charles  M.  Jarvis Berlin. 

Frank  1 1.  Stadtmueller Elmwood. 

J.  H.  Webb Hamden. 

E,  II.  Jenkins,  Director  and  Treasurer New  Haven. 


STATION    STAFF. 
Chemists. 

Analytical  Laboratory. 
John  P,  STREET,  M.S.,  Chemist  in  Charge. 
E.  Monroe  Bailey,  M.S.  C.  B.  Morrison,  B.S. 

K.  r>.  Roe,  AB.  C.  E,  Si-iepard. 

Laboratory  for  the  Study  of  Proteids. 
T.  B.  Osboune,  Ph.D.,  Chemist  in  Charge. 

Botanist. 
G.  P.  Clinton,  S.D. 

Entomologist. 
W.  E.  Britton,  Ph.D. 

Assistant  in  Entomology. 
B.  H.  Walden,  B.Agr. 

Forester. 
Samuel  n.  Spring,  M.F. 

Seed  Testing. 
Mary  H.  JaGGER. 

Stenographers  and  Clerks. 

Miss  V.  E.  Cole. 
Miss  L.  M.  Brautlecht. 
Miss  E.  B.  Whittlesey. 

In  charge  of  Buildings  and  Grounds. 
William  Veitch. 

Laboratory   Helper. 
1 1 1 u;o  Lange. 

Sampling  Agent. 
V.  L.  Churchill.  Now  Haven. 


GARDEN  AND  FIELD  SEEDS  SOU)  IN 
CONNECTICUT  IN  1908-1909. 

By  E.  II.  Jenkins  and  Mauy  II.  Jagger.* 

The  first  requisite  to  success  in  growing  any  crop  is  pure  live 
seed.  The  farmer  is  often  deceived  even  as  i<>  the  quality  of 
seed,  like  corn  or  onion,  which  ho  raises  himself  and  knows 
lo  he  new.  Our  experience,  like  thai  of  all  observers,  has  also 
shown  thai  seeds  offered  tor  sale  differ  greatly  both  in  purity 
and  sprouting  power.  Often  the  fanner  slocks  down  his  land 
with  pestilent  weed  seeds  as  well  as  grass,  and  sometimes  sows 
with  his  clover  the  seeds  of  dodder,  the  greatest  enemy  of 
clover,  or  gets  a  poor  and  uneven  stand  because  the  seed  he 
used  had  a  low  sprouting  power.  Me  can  afford  to  pay  an 
extra  price  for  heavy,  clean  seed,  nearly  all  of  which  sprouts. 
He  cannot  afford  to  take  as  a  gift,  dirty  and  weakly  sprouting 
seed.  fhe  time  is  coming  when  seedsmen  will  give  and 
buyers  will  require  a  guaranteed  statement  of  purity  and  vitality  ; 
these   to  be   fixed   by   laboratory   tests  and    not    by   results   in   the 

field. 

This  Station  undertakes,  to  the  extent  of  its  ability,  to  test 
seeds  with  reference  to  their  purity  and  vitality,  both  for  farmers 

and  also  for  growers  and  dealers  within  the  state,  to  the  end 
that    farm  production  may   not    Ik-  handicapped  at   the   very  stall 

by  inferior  seed.    Directions  for  sampling  are  given  on  page  [3. 

On    following  pages  are  given  the  results  of  tests  made  at  this 

station  of  seeds  from  the  Connecticut  market  during  1908-1909. 
The  details  of  the  tests  appear  in  the  tables  on  pages   [4  to  26. 

The  asterisks  refer  to  special  notes  which  will  be  found  on  page 
14,  numbered  to  correspond  with  the  sample  number  in  the 
lablc  'fhe  whole  gives  a  fair  picture  of  the  state  of  our  seed 
market  in  [909  and  its  study  should  show  the  need  of  using 
great  care  ill  buying  seed    for  the  coming  year. 


*  All  the  tests  of  seeds  reported  in  this  paper  and  the  identification  "I 
foreign  seeds  has  been  the  work  of  Miss  Jagger.  The  Director  has 
assisted  in  preparing  the  work  for  publication. 


4  connecticut  experiment  station  bulletin  164. 

The  Clovers  and  Alfalfa. 

Alfalfa,  clovers  and  vetches  are  being  more  generally  used 
than  formerly  by  farmers  in  Connecticut,  as  it  is  realized  that 
these,  or  other  legumes,  are  indispensable  to  keep  and  increase 
the  fertility  of  our  land  and  to  reduce  the  amount  of  commercial 
fertilizers  and  of  concentrated  feeds  which  must  be  bought. 

Red  Clover  Seed. 

The  clover  seed  sold  in  the  state  in  1908,  which  was  grown 
in  1907,  was  very  inferior.  More  than  380,000  bushels  were 
imported  to  make  up  for  a  very  short  domestic  crop  and  part 
of  this,  at  least,  was  of  low  grade,  full  of  weed  seeds  and  often 
containing  dodder,  which  is  the  most  dangerous  pest  in  clover 
fields.  Of  the  fifty-one  samples  examined  last  year,  three  were 
grossly  adulterated  with  the  worthless  black  medic,  forty-one 
contained  dodder  seed,  two  others  germinated  very  poorly  and 
only  one-sixth  of  the  whole  number  were  fit  to  use.  [Bulletin 
160.] 

Our  domestic  crop  of  red  clover  seed  in  1908  was  a  good  one 
and,  chiefly  in  consequence  of  this,  the  fifty-two  samples  exam- 
ined in  the  early  part  of  1909  were  in  general  satisfactory.  Some 
of  them  were  sent  by  buyers  and  others  by  dealers.  A  part  of 
the  samples  sent  were  too  small  to  be  quite  representative.  In 
some  cases  a  determination  of  the  exact  amount  of  foreign 
matter  was  not  made,  because  careful  examination  showed  that 
it  was  too  small  to  be  significant. 

The  tests  are  given  in  detail  in  the  table  on  page  16.  With  the 
exception  of  5417,  all  the  samples  of  medium  and  mammoth 
clover  seed  of  which  the  percentage  of  purity  is  not  given  were 
fairly  clean. 

Results  of  Tests  of  Medium  Red  Clover. 

In  the  Samples  tested. 
Average.  Highest.  Lowest. 

Weight  of  1,000  seeds,  grams 1.58  1.90  1.38 

Per   cent,   of  pure   seed  by   weight  95.9  99.8  77.2 

Per    cent,    germinating    by    number  87.4  96.0  66.7 

Viability*    83.8 


Standard. 

1-5 

08.0 

85.0 

83.3 

*  The  viability  is   the   percentage   of   pure   seed   which   will  germinate 

freely.  1 


GARDEN   AND   FIELD    SEEDS.  5 

The  vitality  of  the  seed  is  somewhat  greater  than  last  year 
and  the  purity  and  viability  nearly  five  and  a.  half  per  cent, 
higher.  Much  better  is  the  showing  as  regards  dodder.  In  1908, 
forty-one  out  of  fifty-one  samples  contained  much  dodder*  and 
were  on  that  account  alone  unfit  to  use.  In  1909  dodder  was 
found  in  only  six  of  the  fifty-two  samples.  In  1908  three 
samples  were  grossly  adulterated  with  a  worthless  seed,  black 
medic.  This  year  there  is  no  evidence  of  adulteration.  One 
sample,  No.  5468,  contains  39  per  cent,  of  alsike  and  white 
clover.  These  would  hardly  be  used  as  adulterants  and  were  more 
likely  accidental  and  careless  admixtures.  Another  sample,  No. 
5437,  with  10  per  cent,  of  plantain  seed,  is  unfit  to  use  because 
poorly  cleaned. 

Nos.  5365,  5367  and  5369  represent  red  clover  seed  offered 
at  the  same  time  for  $10.40,  $10.15  and  $6.75  per  100  pounds 
respectively.  Their  viability  was  nearly  alike,  88.1,  88.7,  and 
92.8  respectively.  Samples  of  each  were  sown  early  in  the  spring 
to  determine  whether  there  was  a  difference  in  their  growth 
which  would  make  the  higher  priced  seed  more  desirable.  No 
difference  was  seen  during  the  first  season  in  vigor,  height  or 
size  of  the  plants. 

Dodder  in  Clover  Seed.  Two  species  are  not  uncommonly 
found,  the  European,  Cuscuta  Epithymum,  and  the  field  dodder, 
C.  arvensis.  Careful  tests  here  corroborate  the  statement  that 
the  former  grows  well,  but  does  not  perfect  seed  in  this  region, 
while  the  latter  seeds  very  freely.  The  former,  however,  has 
been,  in  our  experience,  more  destructive  to  clover.  The  field 
dodder  grows  well  on  pigweed  and  purslane.  Several  complaints 
have  come  to  us  of  damage  from  dodder  in  the  seedings  of  1908. 

Alsike  Clover. 

The  details  in  the  table  show  that  the  average  per  cent,  of 
pure  seed  was  93.7,  a  little  lower  than  the  provisional  standard 
of  95.  One  sample,  5360,  contained  nearly  4  per  cent,  of  sand 
and  10  per  cent,  of  white  clover  and  timothy,  and  another  nearly 
12  per  cent,  of  these  seeds. 

The  others  were  satisfactory  as  regards  purity. 

The  average  per  cent,  of  germination  was  high,  85.4,  and  only 
one,  4961,  was  below  the  standard  (75-80),  in  this  regard. 


*  For  a  description  of  this  weed  see  Bulletin  160. 


6  CONNECTICUT    EXPERIMENT    STATION    BULLETIN    1 64. 

White  Clover. 

The  five  samples  tested  were  quite  pure,  but  two  germinated 
poorly. 

Crimson  Clover. 

Six  samples  were  tested  and  while  all  were  very  clean  and 
free  from  weed  seed,  one  was  practically  worthless  because  only 
30  per  cent,  sprouted,  and  of  another  only  60  per  cent,  would 
sprout. 

Alfalfa. 

In  the  last  two  or  three  years  many  fields  have  been  sown 
with  alfalfa  in  this  state  and  in  some  cases  with  complete  success. 
Much  depends  upon  the  purity  and  vitality  of  the  seed.  It  is 
impossible  to  remedy  a  thin  stand  by  patching  with  a  fresh  seed- 
ing; the  whole  piece  must  be  turned  over  and  reseeded. 

Of  the  twenty-one  samples  described  in  the  table,  none  had 
over  4.0  per  cent,  of  foreign  matter  and  the  average  amount 
was  2.1  per  cent.,  which  is  very  satisfactory.  Two  samples, 
however,  had  too  low  a  germination,  66.7  and  69.8  per  cent, 
respectively,  and  their  use  would  certainly  cause  a  partial  failure. 

One  of  these  samples,  and  two  with  good  germinating  power, 
had  dodder  in  them  and  on  that  account  alone  should  be  refused. 

The  average  purity  and  vitality  are  but  very  little  below  the 
provisional  standards  which  are  98  and  85  per  cent,  respectively. 

The  results  may  be  summarized  thus : 

Results  of  Tests  of  Alfalfa  Seed. 

Average. 

Weight  of  1,000  seeds,  grams    2.05 

Per  cent,   of  pure  seed,  by  weight  97.9 

Per    cent,    germinating    by    number  86.6 

Viability    84.5 

Meadow  Grasses. 

Red  Top. 

Nineteen  samples  of  red  top  have  been  examined.  In  some 
cases  no  exact  determination  was  made  of  the  amount  of 
impurity.  This  work  takes  a  great  deal  of  time,  because  of  the 
smallness    of   the    seeds,    which   must   be    picked    over    one    by 


[ighest. 

Lowest. 

Standard. 

2.22 

1.75 

99.O 

96.0 

98.O 

94-5 

66.7 

93-0 

65-9 

85.0 

GARDEN   AND    FIELD    SEEDS.  7 

one.  It  is  usually  unnecessary,  for  without  going  through  the 
tedious  work  of  separating  and  weighing  them,  a  very  careful 
examination  will  show  whether  the  seed  is  fairly  pure  or  is  foul 
with  weed  seeds  or  dirt.  Red  top  always  contains  chaff  from 
the  seeds,  which  cannot  be  wholly  removed  by  cleaning,  but 
some  of  the  samples  examined,  as  will  be  seen  in  the  table, 
contained  large  percentages  of  foreign  seeds,  and  two  of  them, 
Nos.  4993  and  4994,  had  9.8  and  17.4  per  cent,  respectively,  of 
what  looked  like  finely  ground  quartz  or  glass. 

Five  of  the  nineteen  contained  from  a  quarter  to  a  third  of 
their  weight  of  weed  seeds,  dirt  and  sand. 

The  average  per  cent,  of  pure  seed  was  80.7  (ten  samples), 
but  it  ranged  from  50.5  to  98.0.  The  average  germination  of 
eighteen  samples  was  79.7,  ranging  from  50.5  to  93.0. 

Timothy  Seed. 

When  hay  is  grown  as  a  cash  crop,  clean  timothy  is  preferred 
because  it  is  most  in  demand  in  cities  for  horses.  Fifty-one 
samples  of  timothy  seed  are  reported  in  the  table.  They  are 
almost  without  exception  pure  and  clean.  The  average  purity, 
98.0  per  cent.,  is  that  of  the  provisional  standard  for  timothy, 
and  the  lowest  percentage  of  purity  found  is  84.6. 

Nos.  4945  and  4946  contained  Canada  blue  grass  and  many 
weed  seeds. 

The  main  trouble  with  the  timothy  examined  lay  in  its  poor 
sprouting  power.  Thus  of  the  fifty-one  samples  tested,  sixteen, 
or  nearly  one-third,  germinated  below  the  provisional  standard 
of  85  per  cent.  In  three  samples  less  than  two-thirds  of  the 
seeds  sprouted.     They  were  therefore  agriculturally  worthless. 

Garden  Seeds  in  Packages. 

Persons  having  small  garden  patches  commonly  buy  most  or 
all  of  their  vegetable  seeds  in  small  packages  from  what  are 
known  as  "commission  packages,"  i.  e.,  boxes  put  up  by  dealers 
in  seeds  which  contain  an  assortment  of  the  most  commonly  used 
garden  varieties.  The  garden,  cared  for  by  members  of  the 
owner's  family,  contributes  very  materially  to  their  support  and 
its  partial  failure  materially  increases  the  cost  of  living.  Fresh 
seed,  true  to  name,  is  the  first  essential  of  success.     Respon- 

3 


8  CONNECTICUT    EXPERIMENT   STATION    BULLETIN    164. 

sibility  for  the  quality  of  the  .  seed  rests  primarily  with  the 
retail  dealer,  if  he  carries  over  his  "commission  packages"  from 
one  season  to  the  next.  Whoever  puts  up  the  packages  is 
responsible  if  he  does  not  take  the  same  pains  to  put  seed  of 
good  quality  into  these  packages  that  he  takes  in  supplying 
those  who  buy  in  larger  quantities. 

The  comparatively  few  tests  made  of  these  seeds  during  the 
last  season  are  enough  to  show  that  some  of  these  "commission 
boxes"  contain  seeds  which  are  agriculturally  worthless  and  can 
bring  only  disappointment  and  loss  to  those  who  buy  them. 

In  the  spring  of  1909  our  agent  bought  eighty-three  packages, 
representing  seven  varieties  of  garden  seeds.  These  were  put 
up  by  seventeen  different  firms  and  bought  in  different  parts  of 
the  state. 

D.  M.  Ferry  &  Co.  and  the  D.  Landreth  Seed  Co.  state  on 
their  packages  that  the  seed  is  grown  as  well  as  put  up  by  them. 
In  the  other  cases  no  such  statement  appears.  The  seeds  of 
each  dealer  were  taken  from  a  single  box.  The  names  and 
addresses  of  the  firms  whose  seeds  were  examined  are  as 
follows : 

F.    T.    Blish    Hardware    Co.,    So.  Lake    Shore    Seed    Co.,    Dunkirk, 

Manchester.  N.  Y. 

Cadwell  &  Jones,  Hartford.  D.  Landreth  Seed  Co.,  Bristol,  Pa. 

Crosman  Bros.,  Rochester,  N.  Y.  E.  M.  Lyman  &  Son,  Springfield, 
A.    H.    Dunlap    &    Sons,    Nashua,  Mass. 

N.  H.  Lyon  &  Ewald,  New  London. 

D.  M.  Ferry  &  Co.,  Detroit,  Mich.  Page  Seed  Co.,  Greene,  N.  Y. 

J.  H.  Gregory  &  Son,  Marblehead,  F.  S.  Piatt  Co.,  New  Haven. 

Mass.  J.  B.  Rice  Seed  Co.,  Cambridge, 
Hamilton  Hardware  Corp.,  Water-  N.  Y. 

bury.  Ross  Bros.,  Worcester,  Mass. 

Hart,  Welles  &  Co.,  Wethersfield.  J.  M.  Thorburn  &  Co.,  N.  Y.  City. 

The  results  of  the  tests  appear  in  detail  in  the  table. 

Lettuce. 

Not  less  than  85  per  cent,  of  lettuce  seed  should  germinate. 
Six  out  of  the  fifteen  package  samples  showed  inferior  germina- 
tion and  four  at  least  were  unfit  for  use.  Sample  5501  seemed 
to  be  a  mixture  of  fresh  and  old  seed ;  85  per  cent,  of  the  fresh- 
looking  seed  sprouted  and  only  25  per  cent,  of  the  old  seed. 


GARDEN   AND   FIELD   SEEDS.  9 

Radish. 

Ninety  per  cent,  of  radish  seed  should  germinate.  Only  four 
samples  germinated  as  high  as  this.  Of  the  other  thirteen 
samples,  four  were  fairly  good,  the  others  quite  inferior  and 
four  agriculturally  worthless  on  account  of  low  vitality. 

Onion. 

Seventy-five  per  cent,  of  Connecticut  grown  onion  seed  should 
germinate.  Half  of  the  samples  examined  fell  below  this  stand- 
ard and  five  were  worthless. 

Cucumber. 

Eighty-five  per  cent,  germination  is  the  standard  for  this  seed. 
Half  of  the  samples  equalled  or  exceeded  this,  the  other  half 
were  inferior. 

Muskmelon. 

Of  the  twelve  samples  tested,  five  germinated  85  per  cent, 
or  more,  and  on  the  other  hand,  three  samples  germinated  less 
than  50  per  cent. 

Watermelon. 

Only  seven  samples  were  tested.  Over  80  per  cent,  of  the 
seed  in  three  packages  germinated  and  three  others  germinated 
less  than  50  per  cent.  The  package  of  E.  M.  Lyman  &  Son 
contains  seeds  of  at  least  two  varieties,  quite  different  in  size 
and  color. 

Examination  of  the  table  shows  that  all  the  samples  tested 
from  a  single  box  of  seeds  put  up  by  the  Lake  Shore  Seed  Co., 
J.  B.  Rice  Seed  Co.  and  E.  M.  Lyman  &  Son,  had  inferior 
germinating  power.  The  same  is  true  with  a  single  exception 
of  the  box  put  up  by  Crosman  Bros.  On  the  other  hand,  all 
of  the  seeds  put  up  by  Thorburn  &  Co.,  Landreth  Seed  Co., 
F.  S.  Piatt  Co.,  Cadwell  &  Jones,  were  found  to  have  good  ger- 
minating power  as  far  as  tested. 

The  number  of  tests  is  quite  too  small  to  justify  a  judgment 
as  to  the  general  quality  of  seeds  put  up  by  any  seedsman. 

It  is  quite  possible  for  the  retailer  to  sell  seed  which  has  lain 
over  in  his  hands  from  a  previous  year,  and  it  may  be  that 


IO  CONNECTICUT    EXPERIMENT    STATION    BULLETIN    164. 

some  samples  were  taken  from  such  boxes..  It  appears,  how- 
ever, that  some  of  the  seed  boxes  from  which  small  quantities 
of  vegetable  seeds  are  sold  contain  old  and  worthless  stock. 

Quantity  of  Seed  in  Packages. 

The  Hamilton  Hardware  Co.  and  Lyon  &  Ewald  sold  by  the 
ounce.  All  the  other  seeds  were  in  five-cent  packages.  The 
second  column  of  the  table,  pages  23  to  26,  gives  the  weight 
of  seed  in  each  package,  and  shows  that  in  four  of  the  varieties 
some  packages  contained  three  times  the  weight  of  seed  found 
in  others. 


TESTS    OF   THE  VITALITY   OF   VEGETABLE    SEEDS 
SENT  BY  GROWERS,  DEALERS  OR  PURCHASERS, 

I907  TO   I909. 

Within  the  period  above  named  seven  hundred  and  twenty- 
one  samples  of  field  and  garden  seeds  have  been  tested  as  to 
their  sprouting  capacity.  A  brief  summary  only  of  the  results 
can  here  be  given. 

Comparison    of    the    Vitality    of    Crops   of   Connecticut-Grown 
Onion  Seed  Less  than  One  Year  Old  in  the  Years  i8p4~ipo8. 

Table  I. — Vitality  of  Crops  of  Onion   Seed. 

No.  of  Samples  Average  Percentage 

tested.  sprouted. 

In  1894 25  82.9 

i89S  13  85.5 

1896  44  72.4 

!897  39  77-9 

1898  68  69.3 

1899  62  89.0 

1900  77  88.5 

1901  60  71.0 

1902  60  80.6 

1903  59  62.0 

1904  42  80.4 

1905  37  7B.6 

1906  62  77.2 

1907  24  88.8 

1908  119  74.5 

Average  for  15  consecutive  years,  76.1  per  cent. 


GARDEN   AND   FIELD   SEEDS.  II 

The  sprouting  capacity  of  the  onion  seed  raised  in  1903  is 
much  lower  than  that  of  this  crop  in  any  other  year  of  which 
we  have  knowledge,  and  growers  explain  this  by  the  excep- 
tionally wet  and  cold  summer  season  of  that  year. 

The  Sprouting  Capacity  of  Different  Varieties. 

The  average  sprouting  capacity  of  five  varieties,  of  which  a 
considerable  number  of  samples  have  been  tested,  is  as  follows 
(only  those  samples  are  here  included  which  were  alleged  to  be 
less  than  one  year  old  at  the  time  of  testing  and  were  grown 
in  Connecticut)  : 

Table  II. — Sprouting  Capacity  of  Different  Varieties  of  Onion  Seed. 

No.  of  Samples    Average  Percentage  of 
tested.  Sprouting  Seed. 

Yellow  Globe  321  74.76 

Red  Globe  246  79.52 

White  Globe  172  78.63 

White  Portugal  32  70.02 

Wethersfield  Red   15  79.07 

Vitality  of  Onion  Seed  as  Affected  by  the  Age  of  the  Seed. 

Since  November  1,  1896,  the  Station  has  examined  1360 
samples  of  onion  seed  of  the  crop  of  1896  and  of  each  succeed- 
ing crop.    The  results  are  summarized  in  the  following  table : 

Table  III. — Vitality  of  Onion  Seed. 


Seed  stated  to  be  less  than 

one  year  old 

Seed  stated  to  be  between 

one  and  two  years  old . . . 
Seed  stated  to  be  between 

two  and  three  years  old 
Seed  stated  to  be  between 

three  and  four  years  old 

It  is  quite  clear  that  as  a  rule  a  larger  percentage  of  California- 
grown  onion  seed  germinates  than  of  Connecticut-grown  seed. 
It  is  also  quite  clear  that,  as  a  rule,  onion  seed  one  year  old  has 
a  much  lower  sprouting  capacity  than  new  seed,  though  there 


Connecticut  Grown. 

Per  cent 

if  Samples.          Sprouted. 

Cal. 
No.  of  Samp] 

Growr 
es. 

i. 
Per  cent 
Sprouted, 

715 

75-70 

277 

86.91 

143 

64.O8 

178 

75.16 

24 

21.00 

202I 

57.38 

I 

59-50 

I 

10.00 

12  CONNECTICUT    EXPERIMENT    STATION    BULLETIN    l6/L 


are  many  exceptions  to  this.  Seed  from  a  good  crop  when  one 
year  old  will  sometimes  germinate  quite  as  well  as  new  seed  from 
an  inferior  crop. 

Vitality  of  Sweet  Com  Seed. 

The  following  table  gives  the  average,  maximum  and  mini- 
mum vitality  found  in  tests  of  Connecticut-grown  sweet  corn 
less  than  one  year  during  the  years  1904  to  1908 : 

No.  of        Average  Percentage 
Samples  by  number  of 

tested. 

Country    Gentleman    18 

Early  Crosby  less  than  one 

year  old 12 

Early    Crosby    one    to    two 

years    old    4 

Early  Evergreen  less    than 

one  year  old 3 

Early     Evergreen     one     to 

two  years  old   1 

"Evergreen"    less  than  one 

year  old 12 

"Evergreen"     one    to     two 

years  old 3 

Acme    Evergreen    one    to 

two  years  old   1 

Hickox    3 

Metropolitan    3 

Old   Colony   less   than  one 

year   old    4 

Old     Colony    one     to    two 

years  old  1 

Old    Colony    two    to    three 

years  old  1 

Stowell's     Evergreen     less 

than  one  year  old   25 

Stowell's  Evergreen  one  to 

two  years  old   8 

Early  Dawn  1 

SUMMARY. 

At  present  the  grass,  clover,  alfalfa  and  vegetable  seeds  sold  in  the 
state  differ  greatly  in  quality;  some  of  them  being  agriculturally 
worthless. 

The  use  of  poor  seed  dooms  the  crop  to  partial  or  complete  failure  at 
the  start  and  the  owner  to  disappointment  and  loss. 


sprouting. 

Maximum, 

Minimum. 

87.3 

100.0 

59-0 

93-5 

1 00.0 

77-0 

63.6 

85.0 

42.0 

87.8 

96.0 

82.0 

91.0 

88.0 

80.7 

92.0 

73-0 

80.0 

89.3 

96.0 

83.0 

90.6 

99.0 

85.0 

95-0 


80.0 
45-0 


81.7 
96.0 


99.0 


57-0 


48.0 
62.5 


GARDEN   AND   FIELD   SEEDS.  1 3 

Loss  of  this  kind  can  be  avoided  in  most  cases*  by  testing  the  seed  be- 
fore buying  or  planting.  Some  kinds,  like  corn,  can  be  readily  tested  at 
home.  Other  and  smaller  seeds  need  facilities  or  skill  which  are  not 
commonly  available. 

This  Station  will,  to  the  limit  of  its  ability,  do  this  work  of  testing  for 
the  farmers  of  this  state,  when  the  results  are  likely  to  be  of  any  general 
interest  and  value. 

To  give  them  value  to  the  sender  and  to  the  public  alike, 

1.  The  sample  should  represent  stock  offered  for  sale  in  the  state. 
A  small  sample  sent  by  mail  from  some  dealer  at  a  distance  is  of  no  value 
unless  he  guarantees  that  the  goods  shipped  shall  be  like  the  sample. 

2.  The  sample  should  be  described  on  a  blank  which  will  be  supplied 
by  the  Station  on  request. 

3.  The  sample  should  be  so  taken  as  to  fairly  represent  the  stock  on 
hand.  Carelessness  or  inaccuracy  in  this  particular  impairs  or  destroys 
the  value  of  the  Station's  work. 

Instructions  for  Sampling  Seeds. 

An  accurate  sample  can  be  taken  by  following  these  directions. 

1.  Mix  well  together  with  the  hand  and  arm  the  contents  of 
the  package  (bag  or  barrel)  of  seed. 

2.  Take  out  five  or  six  small  handfuls  or  cupfulsf  from 
various  parts  of  the  package,  mix  these  carefully  together  and 
take  a  part  of  this  mixture  for  the  sample. 

3.  Send  of  the  smaller  seeds — red  top,  white  clover,  timothy, 
etc.,  at  least  two  (2)  ounces;  of  beets,  turnips,  red  clover,  etc., 
four  (4)  ounces;  of  wheat  and  cereals,  and  of  peas  and  other 
legumes,  eight  (8)  ounces. 

4.  Samples  may  be  sent  by  mail,  so  securely  packed  as  to 
prevent  leakage  or  loss,  prepaid,  plainly  labeled  with  name  and 
address  of  the  sender,  and  addressed  to 

Conn.  Agricultural  Experiment  Station, 

New  Haven,  Conn. 

As  the  test  of  germinating  power  requires  some  time  for  its 
completion,  a  report  on  samples  cannot  be  ordinarily  expected 
in  less  than  two  weeks  from  the  time  of  their  receipt. 


*  Seeds  of  varieties  like  the  different  kinds  of  cabbage  or  of  carrot 
cannot  usually  be  distinguished  from  one  another.  Occasionally  loss 
comes  from  planting  an  inferior  variety  which  has  been  bought  under  the 
name  of  another  and  good  variety. 

f  A  small  cup  may  be  closed  with  the  palm  of  the  hand,  forced  down  to 
the  desired  place,  then  filled  and  withdrawn. 


14  CONNECTICUT   EXPERIMENT   STATION    BULLETIN    164. 

The  examination  of  grass-mixtures  can  only  be  undertaken  in 
special  cases.  It  requires  a  large  outlay  of  time  and  labor  which 
is  not  often  justified  by  the  results. 

Notes  on  Samples  of  Clover,  Alfalfa  and  Grass  Seeds. 

4847  Contains  dodder. 

4869  Contains  dodder. 

4913  Contains  dodder. 

4920  Pure  seed  with  much  chaff. 

4939  Marked  "red  top  and  timothy."     Only  1.6  per  cent,  of  timothy  found. 
Germination  of  red  top  only  given. 

4945  Much  foreign  seed.     Canadian  and  Kentucky  blue  grass,  cinquefoil. 

4946  Much    foreign    seed.      Canadian    and    Kentucky   blue   grass,    bottle 

grass,  pigweed,  etc. 

4947  Some  Canadian  and  Kentucky  blue  grass  and  a  few  weeds. 

4953  Clean  seed,  but  worthless.     No  germination. 

4954  Worthless  because  of  low  germination. 

4961     The  foreign  matter  is  mostly  white  clover  and  timothy,  no  weeds. 

4966  A  few,  seeds  of  plantain. 

4967  Much  dodder. 

4974  Eight  kinds  of  weed  seeds  and  much  dodder. 
4981  Seven  kinds  of  weed  seeds  and  much  dodder. 
4990    Much  dodder. 

4993  I  Contain  fine  quartz  grains,  9.8  per  cent,  in  one,  17.4  per  cent,  in 

4994  \     the  other. 

5332  Few  seeds  of  bottle  grass  and  Russian  thistle. 

5345  Few  seeds  of  sorrel. 

5360  10  per  cent,  of  white  clover  and  timothy ;    3.8  per  cent,  of  sand. 

5361  Few  seeds  of  bottle  grass. 

5371  3/^  per  cent,  of  soft  and  broken  seed. 

5392  Dirt,  chaff,  seeds  of  yarrow  and  cinquefoil. 

5399  Few  seeds  of  bottle  grass. 

5404.  5  per  cent,  of  red  clover. 

5406  Contains  considerable  plantain  seed. 

5408  Dirt,  chaff,  seeds  of  cinquefoil. 

5410  Some  plantain  seed  and  much  cinquefoil ;    66,000  weed  seeds  per 

pound. 

5413  No.  1,  7,800  weed  seeds  to  the  pound. 

5413  No.  2,  3,300  weed  seeds  to  the  pound.     Seeds  of  alfalfa  dodder. 

5415  Dirt,  chaff,  seeds  of  yarrow.  . 

5417  Two  species  of  dodder. 

5419  Few  seeds  of  Russian  thistle. 

5422  Few  seeds  of  Russian  thistle. 

5431  Plantain  and  crab  grass;    9,720  weed  seeds  to  the  pound. 

5437  16,435  seeds  of  plantain  to  the  pound. 

5438  Seeds  of  five  weeds. 


GARDEN   AND   FIELD    SEEDS.  15 

5440  Rather  dirty,  seed  of  cinquefoil,  pepper  grass  and  plantain. 

5448  Dirty,  much  seed  of  cinquefoil. 

5454  38.4  per  cent,  of  dirt;    u.l  per  cent,  of  seed  of  sedge. 

5459  Few  seeds  of  sorrel. 

5460  Two  species  of  dodder;   38,000  weed  seeds  to  the  pound. 

5468    This  is  clearly  an  accidental  mixture  of  42  per  cent,  of  mammoth 
clover,  39.4  per  cent,  of  white  clover  and  some  alsike. 

5*?1}  Clean  seed  but  old. 
5572  J 


1 6  CONNECTICUT    EXPERIMENT   STATION    BULLETIN    164. 


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